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Extending the Wireshark Network Protocol Analyzer to Decode Link 16 Tactical Data Link Messages

Tactical Data Links (TDLs) enable the military to exchange tactical information in a precise,
efficient and timely manner. They complement, and in many instances substitute, traditional
voice—based communication bearers such as VHF radio. Major military platforms operated by
the Australian Defence Force are either equipped, or are being equipped with TDL systems.
Concurrent with real—world adoption, training simulators are being fitted with simulated
tactical data links.

This technical note describes the development of a Link 16 message dissector for the
Wireshark network protocol analyser. Wireshark is a freely—available open—source protocol
analyser that is an industry standard tool for network protocol troubleshooting. The dissector
supports analysis of J-series messages adhering to the Simulation Interoperability Standards
Organization’s Standard for Link 16 Simulations. While existing Link 16 test tools are available,
they are more suited to non-simulated data link operations, where quality assurance and
safety are paramount. The cost and thus availability of these dedicated test tools make them
less desirable for use with simulators.

Development of the dissector was completed as a summer vacation student project over a 10
week period during 2009—2010, using sources from the open literature on Link 16. No export
controlled technical data was used in the production of this technical note.

Link 16 is a United States and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) tactical data link
standard that defines the message format, methods of radio transmission, and network
management proceduresl. It is the current data link system operated by the United States,
NATO members and allied countries. Development commenced in 1975 [1], with systems
fielded by the United States Air Force and Navy in the early 19905 [2].

Link 16 may also be referred to as the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (ITIDS),
which is the name assigned to the original project and first—generation terminal, or more
simply Tactical Digital Information Link I (TADIL—I).

Tactical data link messages are the units of information exchanged between the participants of
a tactical data link network. Link 16 supports the exchange of fixed formatted messages, more
commonly referred to as J—series messages, to convey information. There are over 70 messages
defined [3].