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NASA-CR-4746

NASA-CR-4746
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  • April 6, 2016 Create Date
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High lift Systems on Commercial Subsonic Airliners

NASA-CR-4746 High lift Systems on Commercial Subsonis Airliners

Ames Research Center

Introduction

The early breed of slow commercial airliners did not require high-lift systems because their wing
loadings were low and their speed ratios between cruise and low speed (takeoff and landing) were
about 2:1. However, even in those days the benefit of high-lift devices was recognized. Simple
trailing—edge flaps were in use, not so much to reduce landing speeds, but to provide better glide-
slope control without sideslipping the airplane and to improve pilot vision over the nose by reducing
attitude during low-speed flight.

As commercial—airplane cruise speeds increased with the development of more powerful engines,
wing loadings increased and a real need for high-lift devices emerged to keep takeoff and landing
speeds within reasonable limits. The high—lift devices of that era were generally trailing-edge flaps.

When jet engines matured sufficiently in military service and were introduced commercially,
airplane speed capability had to be increased to best take advantage of jet engine characteristics.
This speed increase was accomplished by introducing the wing sweep and by further increasing
wing loading. Whereas increased wing loading called for higher lift coefficients at low speeds,
wing sweep actually decreased wing lift at low speeds.

Takeoff and landing speeds increased on early jet airplanes, and, as a consequence, runways
worldwide had to be lengthened. There are economical limits to the length of runways; there are
safety limits to takeoff and landing speeds; and there are speed limits for tires. So, in order to hold
takeoff and landing speeds within reasonable limits, more powerful high-lift devices were required.
Wing trailing-edge devices evolved from plain flaps to Fowler flaps with single, double, and even
triple slots. Wing leading edges evolved from fixed leading edges to a simple Krueger flap, and from
fixed, slotted leading edges to two— and three-position slats and variable-camber (VC) Krueger flaps.

The complexity of high—lift systems probably peaked on the Boeing 747, which has a VC Krueger
flap and triple—slotted, inboard and outboard trailing—edge flaps. Since then, the tendency in high—lift
system development has been to achieve high levels of lift with simpler devices in order to reduce
fleet acquisition and maintenance costs.

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NASA-CR-4746

NASA-CR-4746
  • Version
  • 2530 Downloads
  • 7.26 MB File Size
  • 1 File Count
  • April 6, 2016 Create Date
  • April 6, 2016 Last Updated
Scroll for Details

High lift Systems on Commercial Subsonic Airliners

NASA-CR-4746 High lift Systems on Commercial Subsonis Airliners

Ames Research Center

Introduction

The early breed of slow commercial airliners did not require high-lift systems because their wing
loadings were low and their speed ratios between cruise and low speed (takeoff and landing) were
about 2:1. However, even in those days the benefit of high-lift devices was recognized. Simple
trailing—edge flaps were in use, not so much to reduce landing speeds, but to provide better glide-
slope control without sideslipping the airplane and to improve pilot vision over the nose by reducing
attitude during low-speed flight.

As commercial—airplane cruise speeds increased with the development of more powerful engines,
wing loadings increased and a real need for high-lift devices emerged to keep takeoff and landing
speeds within reasonable limits. The high—lift devices of that era were generally trailing-edge flaps.

When jet engines matured sufficiently in military service and were introduced commercially,
airplane speed capability had to be increased to best take advantage of jet engine characteristics.
This speed increase was accomplished by introducing the wing sweep and by further increasing
wing loading. Whereas increased wing loading called for higher lift coefficients at low speeds,
wing sweep actually decreased wing lift at low speeds.

Takeoff and landing speeds increased on early jet airplanes, and, as a consequence, runways
worldwide had to be lengthened. There are economical limits to the length of runways; there are
safety limits to takeoff and landing speeds; and there are speed limits for tires. So, in order to hold
takeoff and landing speeds within reasonable limits, more powerful high-lift devices were required.
Wing trailing-edge devices evolved from plain flaps to Fowler flaps with single, double, and even
triple slots. Wing leading edges evolved from fixed leading edges to a simple Krueger flap, and from
fixed, slotted leading edges to two— and three-position slats and variable-camber (VC) Krueger flaps.

The complexity of high—lift systems probably peaked on the Boeing 747, which has a VC Krueger
flap and triple—slotted, inboard and outboard trailing—edge flaps. Since then, the tendency in high—lift
system development has been to achieve high levels of lift with simpler devices in order to reduce
fleet acquisition and maintenance costs.

FileAction
NASA-CR-4746 High lift Systems on Commercial Subsonic Airliners.pdfDownload 
17,005 Documents in our Technical Library
2449826 Total Downloads

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Newest Additions

NASA-RP-1060 Subsonic Aircraft: Evolution and the Matching of Size to Performance
NASA-RP-1060 Subsonic Aircraft: Evolution and the Matching of Size to Performance
AA-CP-20212-001
AA-CP-20212-001
ADPO10769 Occurrence of Corrosion in Airframes
The purpose of this lecture is to provide an overview ...
MIL-STD-1759 Rivets and Rivet Type Fasteners Preferred for Design
The purpose of this book form standard is to provide ...
MIL-STD-810G Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests
This standard contains materiel acquisition program planning and engineering direction ...